旱地小麦套种花生粮油双高产技术研究

大田试验表明，旱地麦田增施有机肥料，能有效提高土壤肥力，增加土壤贮水能力；在花生套种垄上地膜覆盖，能起到保水、集雨、提温的效果，进而提高小麦和花生产量，覆膜越早效果越明显。因此，增施有机肥和进行秋季覆膜是旱地麦套花生取得粮油双高产的有效途径。     

Economic valuation of cultivated lands as nitrogen removal/effusion sites by newly proposed replacement cost method

To valuate the multifunctionality economically is effective to make it possible to realize the value for the nation and to compare functionalities among countries of the world. In this paper, the external economies of paddy fields and fallow paddy fields including wetlands as N removal function sites, and of upland fields and orchards as pollution sites are valuated by the newly proposed replacement cost method, by replacing them with construction costs of water quality improvement facilities. In addition, we discuss an agricultural land-use scenario in which cultivated land has no net negative economic effect on the water environment. The results showed that (1) paddy fields and fallow paddy fields including wetlands were respectively valued at 1.2×10³ and 2.81×10³ JPY m⁻² on average as the N removal sites, (2) upland fields had 0.32×10³ JPY m⁻² on average of economic value, and suggested that paddy fields have an external economic value that compensates for the negative external economic value of upland fields 3.65 times their size.     

草克星防除稻田杂草研究

草克星(NC-311)是日本日产株式会社新开发的磺酰脲类除草剂,具有用量低,杀草谱广,高效和安全的特点。为了评价草克星对稻田杂草的防除效果和对水稻的安全性,我们于1990年进行了田间小区试验和植物生长箱模拟试验。材料和方法植物生长箱模拟试验在中国水稻研究所进行。设备为LH-200-RD植物生长箱,温度25℃,光照强度为2800 lux,光照时间10 h/d。盆栽用13×13×8 cm塑料方盆,重复3次。     

南方亚麻田杂草防治药效试验及应用技术

南方冬春季种植的亚麻，田间主要杂草有看麦娘、牛繁缕、man草及碎米荠。试验表明：72%郁尔乳油每666.7m^2用量130ml，在亚麻播后发芽前封土处理，其鲜重防效达84.7%；17.5%快刀乳油、10.8%高效盖草能乳油及5%禾草杀星乳油每666.7m^2用量60ml，在亚麻出苗后20～30天喷雾，其鲜重防效分别为98.1%、87.1%和92.7%。上述药剂对亚麻安全无药害，一次用药能完全控制亚麻全生育期的杂草危害。     

A combined technique of floodplain storage and reservoir irrigation for paddy rice cultivation

This paper introduces an irrigation system developed in the floodplain of a lake and studies the water management technique of the irrigation system by estimating the total water balance of the whole system. The system is characterized by a reservoir combined with a dike system in the floodplain of the Tonle Sap Great Lake and an irrigation system. Two main models are used for calculating the total water balance. The first model is the water balance of the reservoir. The inputs to the model are water level of the reservoir, precipitation, lake evaporation, infiltration, and area–volume curve of the reservoir. The outputs are inflow and outflow of the reservoir. The supply from the reservoir to paddy fields is computed from the outflow. The second model is the water balance of paddy fields, based on which the water requirement in paddy fields is derived. The reference evapotranspiration needed to calculate the water requirement is simulated for monthly time series using the FAO Penman–Monteith model. Since there is no drainage network in the irrigation system, surface drainage and runoff are not included in the calculation of the water balance, and seepage is considered negligible in the flat floodplain area. The evapotranspiration, rice variety, soil type and irrigated area are used to simulate water consumption in paddy fields. Finally, the two models are connected to produce the total water balance from the reservoir to paddy fields. The total outflow from the reservoir is estimated and the total water consumption for dry season cultivation is also determined. Finally, the efficiency of the whole system is examined.     

播种期对杂交稻种子纯度海南种植鉴定结果的影响

通过比较不同播种时期杂交水稻种子样品在海南种植鉴定的农艺性状表现,发现播始历期、株高、结实率等主要性状均表现出不同程度的变化,且部分组合与其亲本的变化幅度不同,从而影响鉴定的准确性。根据品种特性,确定最佳播种时期,并采用合理的栽培与管理技术,是提高杂交水稻种子纯度种植鉴定结果准确性的关键。     

Intestinal microbiota differentially affect brush border enzyme activity and gene expression in the neonatal gnotobiotic pig

To study microbial influence on intestinal development pertaining to nutrient digestion, two separate gnotobiotic experiments were performed, each with 16 piglets allocated to four treatment groups: germfree (GF), monoassociation with Escherichia coli, monoassociation with Lactobacillus fermentum or conventionalization with faecal bacteria (CV). Enzyme activity and gene expression of lactase phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) and aminopeptidase N (APN) were measured in isolated enterocytes, harvested on day 14, using specific substrates and quantitative PCR respectively. Enterocytes of CV pigs had reduced APN activity, but had increased gene expression relative to GF, making the specific activity:mRNA (A:G) ratio dramatically lower (p < 0.05). Similarly, LPH A:G ratio was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in enterocytes of CV pigs as compared with GF. The results of co‐incubation of L. fermentum, E. coli and faecal bacteria with APN indicate a direct relationship between enzyme inactivation and specific A:G ratio in enterocytes. We conclude that enterocyte up‐regulation of APN expression occurs as either a direct response to microbial colonization or as a feedback mechanism in response to reduced enzyme activity through microbial degradation. This mechanism may play a role in ensuring effective competition of the host with the intestinal microbiota for available nutrients.     

Ecological fitness and strategies of adaptation of Bartonella species to their hosts and vectors

Bartonella spp. are facultative intracellular bacteria that cause characteristic host-restricted hemotropic infections in mammals and are typically transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods. In the mammalian reservoir, these bacteria initially infect a yet unrecognized primary niche, which seeds organisms into the blood stream leading to the establishment of a long-lasting intra-erythrocytic bacteremia as the hall-mark of infection. Bacterial type IV secretion systems, which are supra-molecular transporters ancestrally related to bacterial conjugation systems, represent crucial pathogenicity factors that have contributed to a radial expansion of the Bartonella lineage in nature by facilitating adaptation to unique mammalian hosts. On the molecular level, the type IV secretion system VirB/VirD4 is known to translocate a cocktail of different effector proteins into host cells, which subvert multiple cellular functions to the benefit of the infecting pathogen. Furthermore, bacterial adhesins mediate a critical, early step in the pathogenesis of the bartonellae by binding to extracellular matrix components of host cells, which leads to firm bacterial adhesion to the cell surface as a prerequisite for the efficient translocation of type IV secretion effector proteins. The best-studied adhesins in bartonellae are the orthologous trimeric autotransporter adhesins, BadA in Bartonella henselae and the Vomp family in Bartonella quintana. Genetic diversity and strain variability also appear to enhance the ability of bartonellae to invade not only specific reservoir hosts, but also accidental hosts, as shown for B. henselae. Bartonellae have been identified in many different blood-sucking arthropods, in which they are typically found to cause extracellular infections of the mid-gut epithelium. Adaptation to specific vectors and reservoirs seems to be a common strategy of bartonellae for transmission and host diversity. However, knowledge regarding arthropod specificity/restriction, the mode of transmission, and the bacterial factors involved in arthropod infection and transmission is still limited.     

全球视野下的中国草原生态系统可持续发展

探讨了为什么和怎样从全球视野实现我国草原生态系统可持续发展,这是共同性原则的要求,国际社会特别是发达国家对解决这一问题应担负更多的责任。我国草原生态系统的退化已影响周边国家和全球的生态环境。世界环境组织为实现我国草原生态系统可持续发展提供了组织保障,我国应树立资源的全球观点,在全球范围内实现资源共享和优化配置,与毗邻的国家构造自然共同体,选择国际通行的考核政绩的标准,借鉴实现可持续发展的组织形式。